After making a mistake earlier today, I thought it’d be a good time to review some basics.
Before we begin – is this a male or female pelvis?
Normal pelvis of an adult
Case courtesy of Dr Ian Bickle, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 37956
Read on if you don’t know!
Osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Right side worse than the left with a loss of joint space + subchondral sclerosis and geodes.
Remodelling is also present in the hip joint.
Case courtesy of Dr Frank Gaillard, Radiopaedia.org. From the case rID: 35875
OA is characterised by the loss of cartilage in synovial joints leading to changes in the periarticular bone.¹ Interestingly there’s more evidence of an inflammatory component to it’s pathology rather than just purely wear-and-tear.
Only advanced damaged from OA show up on X-rays.¹ Other investigations such as arthroscopy and MRI may be able to show damage in earlier stages.
References:
Additional Reading:
Typical ‘malar’ or butterfly rash in SLE showing across the nasal and cheeks
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease involving multiple organs. Antibody testing include Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antiphospholipid antibodies, antibodies to double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and anti-Smith (Sm) antibodies.
Note: ANA is highly sensitive, but not specific. A positive anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm are highly specific antibodies for Lupus.
Find out the pathophysiology and the diagnostic criteria from this episode!
Types of fractures
Top row (Left to right):
Transverse, Oblique, Segmental
Bottom row (left to right)
Angulated, Shifted, Comminuted
What are the 6 steps of healing a bone fracture?
Find out more on the Common Rounds on how bone fractures can be described and what factors affect its healing.
Diabetic Osteomyelitis; Case courtesy of Dr Frank Gaillard, Radiopaedia.org. From the case rID: 7663
Ever wonder what osteomyelitis was? What is the most likely cause of it? Find out on the Common Rounds.
Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone and marrow, virtually always secondary to infection. Common organisms are pyogenic bacteria and mycobacteria. These organisms may reach the bone by (1) hematogenous spread, (2) extension from a contiguous site, and (3) direct implantation
We’ve gone through bone formation and osteoporosis. Now we’re going to go through what happens when there is an imbalance between osteoblast and osteoclast regulations. Sit back and relax while you enjoy the Common Rounds.
Osteoporosis – Picture from Burleigh Head Physiotherapy Center
We’ve gone through bone formation. We’re now going to build on that knowledge and go through the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. Sit back and relax while you enjoy the Common Rounds.
Calcium and Phosphate regulation is complicated as it ties the GI, kidneys and bones together.
Join us as we go through how PTH, Calcitriol regulate calcium and phosphate.
Calcium and Phosphate regulation
In short:
PTH: increases [calcium], decreases [phosphate]
Calcitriol: increases [calcium], increases [phosphate]
1. Increase bone resorption leading to rise in calcium and phosphate.
2. Phosphate is filtered in the kidney and it’s resorption is blocked by PTH. This leads to an overall drop in phosphate levels.
3. Calcium is filtered in the kidneys but the resorption is increased by PTH. This leads to an overall increase in calcium concentration.
4. PTH increases Calcitriol (activated Vit D) production in the kidneys. This indirectly increases calcium absorption from the intestines.
1. Increases bone resorption causing a rise in calcium and phosphate levels.
2. Calcitriol INCREASES the reabsorption of phosphate in the kidneys.
3. Calcitriol increases the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys.
4. Calcitriol acts DIRECTLY on the intestines to increase calcium absorption from diet.
Bicep muscles, heart muscle and stomach muscle. All very different.
Join us on the Common Rounds to find out how they are different at a fundamental level.
We’ve finally come to an end with our oncology block. Now we’ve dove into … as you can guess… the world of muscles and bones! Hello MSK (musculo skeletal) block, here we come!
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